Insulin

Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of two chains linked by disulfide bonds, best known for its central role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. At the molecular level it binds the insulin receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase, initiating signalling cascades that influence cellular nutrient uptake and metabolic enzyme activity. In research, insulin is widely used to study receptor activation, PI3K/Akt signalling, glucose transporter trafficking, and metabolic gene regulation. Because insulin signalling intersects with growth and anabolic pathways, it is also used in cell culture to support proliferation conditions and to model insulin sensitivity and downstream metabolic responses.

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