NAD

NAD+ is a ubiquitous coenzyme central to cellular redox reactions and energy metabolism. It serves as an electron carrier in pathways such as glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and it is also a substrate for enzymes involved in DNA repair and signalling, including sirtuins and PARPs. In research, NAD+ is used to examine cellular energetics, oxidative stress balance, and ageing-related signalling pathways. Experimental work often measures NAD+/NADH ratios, mitochondrial function, and enzyme activity changes to understand how NAD+ availability shapes metabolic resilience and cellular maintenance processes.

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